This is the third or fourth time I have regretted purchasing the audiobook version of The New Jim Crow by Michelle Alexander. She devotes a healthy amount of time to the subject. I should tread carefully here because I am unable to cite examples, and as you pointed out there are many nuances.
What I can say without the book is, yes, it exists and for nearly any crime. In about a third of the States it's required. If I'm understanding it correctly, restitution is payable for things you'd typically find in damages (to victims, families, and third parties for medical, loss of wages, funeral, etc.). However, it is not "punishment" in the way that legal damages are although in some cases you can "trade" for more time served. This looks like a credible overview and there is a state by state breakdown on the side: http://www.aardvarc.org/victim/restitution.shtml
I should remove the word "liquidated". Although I know the book spoke about liquidation, I cannot recall the specific context (drug profit, willfully selling of property due to loss of income, restitution, etc.). Similarly, I hadn't considered time of payment; paid immediately, automatically garnished wages during, or post incarceration. So I should also stay away from claiming that it is possible one already paid them.
It seems like SAH might be familiar with them so perhaps she can elaborate, too.
hi, its jimmy bowles. I live near harvard square. My mail box is P>O> Box 380015, cambridge ma 02238. my email is bowlesjames443@yahoo but i seldom check it my phone is )617) 6423809. they sent me back to bridgie for 30 and i saw shields, whittemore, julian, and bill h. glad youre out.
Coercive force is traditionally visualized in physical terms. In this form it is easily definable, clear-cut and unambiguous. Coercive psychological force unfortunately has not been so easy to see and define. The law has been ahead of the physical sciences in that it has allowed that coercion need not involve physical force. It has recognized that an individual can be threatened and coerced psychologically by what he or she perceives to be dangerous, not necessarily by that which is dangerous. Law has recognized that even the threatened action need not be physical. Threats of economic loss, social ostracism and ridicule, among other things, are all recognized by law, in varying contexts, as coercive psychological forces. Why are Coercive Psychological Systems Harmful? Coercive psychological systems violate our most fundamental concepts of basic human rights. They violate rights of individuals that are guaranteed by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution and affirmed by many declarations of principle worldwide. By confusing, intimidating and silencing their victims, those who profit from these systems evade exposure and prosecution for actions recognized as harmful and which are illegal in most countries such as: fraud, false imprisonment, undue influence, involuntary servitude, intentional infliction of emotional distress, outrageous conduct and other tortuous acts.
TACTIC 6 Create strong aversive emotional arousals in the subject by use of nonphysical punishments such as intense humiliation, loss of privilege, social isolation, social status changes, intense guilt, anxiety, manipulation and other techniques. TACTIC 7 Intimidate the person with the force of group-sanctioned secular psychological threats. For example, it may be suggested or implied that failure to adopt the approved attitude, belief or consequent behavior will lead to severe punishment or dire consequences such as physical or mental illness, the reappearance of a prior physical illness, drug dependence, economic collapse, social failure, divorce, disintegration, failure to find a mate, etc. These tactics of psychological force are applied to such a severe degree that the individual's capacity to make informed or free choices becomes inhibited. The victims become unable to make the normal, wise or balanced decisions which they most likely or normally would have made, had they not been unknowingly manipulated by these coordinated technical processes. The cumulative effect of these processes can be an even more effective form of undue influence than pain, torture, drugs or the use of physical force and physical and legal threats. How does Coercive Psychological Persuasion Differ from Other Kinds of Influence? Coercive psychological systems are distinguished from benign social learning or peaceful persuasion by the specific conditions under which they are conducted. These conditions include the type and number of coercive psychological tactics used, the severity of environmental and interpersonal manipulation, and the amount of psychological force employed to suppress particular unwanted behaviors and to train desired behaviors.
TACTIC 1 Increase suggestibility and "soften up" the individual through specific hypnotic or other suggestibility- increasing techniques such as:Extended audio, visual, verbal, or tactile fixation drills, Excessive exact repetition of routine activities, Sleep restriction and/or Nutritional restriction. TACTIC 2 Establish control over the person's social environment, time and sources of social support by a system of often-excessive rewards and punishments. Social isolation is promoted. Contact with family and friends is abridged, as is contact with persons who do not share group- approved attitudes. Economic and other dependence on the group is fostered. TACTIC 3 Prohibit disconfirming information and non supporting opinions in group communication. Rules exist about permissible topics to discuss with outsiders. Communication is highly controlled. An "in-group" language is usually constructed. TACTIC 4 Make the person re-evaluate the most central aspects of his or her experience of self and prior conduct in negative ways. Efforts are designed to destabilize and undermine the subject's basic consciousness, reality awareness, world view, emotional control and defense mechanisms. The subject is guided to reinterpret his or her life's history and adopt a new version of causality. TACTIC 5 Create a sense of powerlessness by subjecting the person to intense and frequent actions and situations which undermine the person's confidence in himself and his judgment.
Coercion is defined by the American Heritage Dictionary as: 1. To force to act or think in a certain manner 2. To dominate, restrain, or control by force 3. To bring about by force. Coercive psychological systems are behavioral change programs which use psychological force in a coercive way to cause the learning and adoption of an ideology or designated set of beliefs, ideas, attitudes, or behaviors. The essential strategy used by the operators of these programs is to systematically select, sequence and coordinate many different types of coercive influence, anxiety and stress- producing tactics over continuous periods of time. In such a program the subject is forced to adapt in a series of tiny "invisible" steps. Each tiny step is designed to be sufficiently small so the subjects will not notice the changes in themselves or identify the coercive nature of the processes being used. The subjects of these tactics do not become aware of the hidden organizational purpose of the coercive psychological program until much later, if ever. These tactics are usually applied in a group setting by well intentioned but deceived "friends and allies" of the victim. This keeps the victim from putting up the ego defenses we normally maintain in known adversarial situations. The coercive psychological influence of these programs aim to overcome the individual's critical thinking abilities and free will - apart from any appeal to informed judgment. Victims gradually lose their ability to make independent decisions and exercise informed consent. Their critical thinking, defenses, cognitive processes, values, ideas, attitudes, conduct and ability to reason are undermined by a technological process rather than by meaningful free choice, rationality, or the inherent merit or value of the ideas or propositions being presented. How Do They Work? The tactics used to create undue psychological and social influence, often by means involving anxiety and stress, fall into seven main categories.
Hi Milo, how's it going? I hope you are keeping you're spirits up and writing alot. , I'm from Scotland, it's a great thing that we can talk from so far away so quickly! Where are you from originally? Tell me a little about you. Hope you're well!
RSS
What I can say without the book is, yes, it exists and for nearly any crime. In about a third of the States it's required. If I'm understanding it correctly, restitution is payable for things you'd typically find in damages (to victims, families, and third parties for medical, loss of wages, funeral, etc.). However, it is not "punishment" in the way that legal damages are although in some cases you can "trade" for more time served. This looks like a credible overview and there is a state by state breakdown on the side: http://www.aardvarc.org/victim/restitution.shtml
I should remove the word "liquidated". Although I know the book spoke about liquidation, I cannot recall the specific context (drug profit, willfully selling of property due to loss of income, restitution, etc.). Similarly, I hadn't considered time of payment; paid immediately, automatically garnished wages during, or post incarceration. So I should also stay away from claiming that it is possible one already paid them.
It seems like SAH might be familiar with them so perhaps she can elaborate, too.
visualized in physical terms. In this
form it is easily definable, clear-cut
and unambiguous. Coercive
psychological force unfortunately has
not been so easy to see and define.
The law has been ahead of the
physical sciences in that it has allowed
that coercion need not involve
physical force. It has recognized that
an individual can be threatened and
coerced psychologically by what he or
she perceives to be dangerous, not
necessarily by that which is
dangerous.
Law has recognized that even the
threatened action need not be
physical. Threats of economic loss,
social ostracism and ridicule, among
other things, are all recognized by
law, in varying contexts, as coercive
psychological forces.
Why are Coercive Psychological
Systems Harmful?
Coercive psychological systems violate
our most fundamental concepts of
basic human rights. They violate rights
of individuals that are guaranteed by
the First Amendment to the United
States Constitution and affirmed by
many declarations of principle
worldwide.
By confusing, intimidating and
silencing their victims, those who
profit from these systems evade
exposure and prosecution for actions
recognized as harmful and which are
illegal in most countries such as:
fraud, false imprisonment, undue
influence, involuntary servitude,
intentional infliction of emotional
distress, outrageous conduct and
other tortuous acts.
Create strong aversive emotional
arousals in the subject by use of
nonphysical punishments such as
intense humiliation, loss of privilege,
social isolation, social status changes,
intense guilt, anxiety, manipulation
and other techniques.
TACTIC 7
Intimidate the person with the force
of group-sanctioned secular
psychological threats. For example, it
may be suggested or implied that
failure to adopt the approved attitude,
belief or consequent behavior will
lead to severe punishment or dire
consequences such as physical or
mental illness, the reappearance of a
prior physical illness, drug
dependence, economic collapse,
social failure, divorce, disintegration,
failure to find a mate, etc.
These tactics of psychological force
are applied to such a severe degree
that the individual's capacity to make
informed or free choices becomes
inhibited. The victims become unable
to make the normal, wise or balanced
decisions which they most likely or
normally would have made, had they
not been unknowingly manipulated
by these coordinated technical
processes. The cumulative effect of
these processes can be an even more
effective form of undue influence than
pain, torture, drugs or the use of
physical force and physical and legal
threats.
How does Coercive Psychological
Persuasion Differ from Other Kinds
of Influence?
Coercive psychological systems are
distinguished from benign social
learning or peaceful persuasion by the
specific conditions under which they
are conducted. These conditions
include the type and number of
coercive psychological tactics used,
the severity of environmental and
interpersonal manipulation, and the
amount of psychological force
employed to suppress particular
unwanted behaviors and to train
desired behaviors.
Increase suggestibility and "soften
up" the individual through specific
hypnotic or other suggestibility-
increasing techniques such
as:Extended audio, visual, verbal, or
tactile fixation drills, Excessive exact
repetition of routine activities, Sleep
restriction and/or Nutritional
restriction.
TACTIC 2
Establish control over the person's
social environment, time and
sources of social support by a
system of often-excessive rewards
and punishments. Social isolation is
promoted. Contact with family and
friends is abridged, as is contact with
persons who do not share group-
approved attitudes. Economic and
other dependence on the group is
fostered.
TACTIC 3
Prohibit disconfirming information
and non supporting opinions in
group communication. Rules exist
about permissible topics to discuss
with outsiders. Communication is
highly controlled. An "in-group"
language is usually constructed.
TACTIC 4
Make the person re-evaluate the
most central aspects of his or her
experience of self and prior conduct
in negative ways. Efforts are designed
to destabilize and undermine the
subject's basic consciousness, reality
awareness, world view, emotional
control and defense mechanisms. The
subject is guided to reinterpret his or
her life's history and adopt a new
version of causality.
TACTIC 5
Create a sense of powerlessness by
subjecting the person to intense and
frequent actions and situations which
undermine the person's confidence in
himself and his judgment.
Heritage Dictionary as:
1. To force to act or think in a certain
manner
2. To dominate, restrain, or control by
force
3. To bring about by force.
Coercive psychological systems are
behavioral change programs which
use psychological force in a coercive
way to cause the learning and
adoption of an ideology or designated
set of beliefs, ideas, attitudes, or
behaviors. The essential strategy used
by the operators of these programs is
to systematically select, sequence and
coordinate many different types of
coercive influence, anxiety and stress-
producing tactics over continuous
periods of time.
In such a program the subject is
forced to adapt in a series of tiny
"invisible" steps. Each tiny step is
designed to be sufficiently small so
the subjects will not notice the
changes in themselves or identify the
coercive nature of the processes being
used. The subjects of these tactics do
not become aware of the hidden
organizational purpose of the coercive
psychological program until much
later, if ever. These tactics are usually
applied in a group setting by well
intentioned but deceived "friends and
allies" of the victim. This keeps the
victim from putting up the ego
defenses we normally maintain in
known adversarial situations.
The coercive psychological influence
of these programs aim to overcome
the individual's critical thinking abilities
and free will - apart from any appeal
to informed judgment. Victims
gradually lose their ability to make
independent decisions and exercise
informed consent. Their critical
thinking, defenses, cognitive
processes, values, ideas, attitudes,
conduct and ability to reason are
undermined by a technological
process rather than by meaningful
free choice, rationality, or the inherent
merit or value of the ideas or
propositions being presented.
How Do They Work?
The tactics used to create undue
psychological and social influence,
often by means involving anxiety and
stress, fall into seven main categories.